Kennel Cough (Infectious Tracheobronchitis) in Dogs: Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

What Is Kennel Cough (Infectious Tracheobronchitis)?

Kennel cough is a highly contagious respiratory disease that causes inflammation of the trachea (windpipe) and bronchi. It's often called "kennel cough" because it spreads quickly wherever dogs congregate—boarding facilities, dog parks, shelters, and grooming salons.

The illness is typically caused by a combination of viruses and bacteria, most commonly Bordetella bronchiseptica bacteria and canine parainfluenza virus. Most dogs recover fully within 2–3 weeks with proper care, though the hacking cough can sound alarming.

Symptoms of Kennel Cough in Dogs

Early Signs

• Forceful, hacking cough that sounds like something is stuck in the throat
• Gagging or retching after coughing
• Mild lethargy or reduced appetite
• Sneezing or nasal discharge (less common)

Progressive Symptoms

• Cough worsens with excitement, exercise, or pressure on the trachea (e.g., collar tug)
• Occasional vomiting of white foamy mucus
• Low-grade fever
• Runny nose or eyes

Emergency Signs

• Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing at rest
• Refusal to eat or drink
• High fever (>104°F)
• Lethargy that prevents normal activity
• Blue-tinged gums

What Causes Kennel Cough in Dogs?

Kennel cough spreads through direct contact with infected dogs or contaminated surfaces. Key causes include:

• Inhalation of respiratory droplets when an infected dog coughs or sneezes
• Shared toys, water bowls, or kennel surfaces that harbor pathogens
• Weakened immunity from stress, illness, or recent surgery
• Poor ventilation in crowded environments
• Multiple pathogens working together—viruses damage the lining, allowing bacteria to infect

Breeds Most at Risk

Any dog can get kennel cough, but certain factors increase risk:

• Puppies and senior dogs with immature or weaker immune systems
• Brachycephalic breeds (Pugs, Bulldogs, Boston Terriers) due to compromised airways
• Dogs with pre-existing respiratory conditions
• Unvaccinated dogs (Bordetella vaccine reduces severity and risk)
• Dogs in crowded or stressful environments

How Kennel Cough Is Diagnosed

Diagnosis is often based on clinical signs and history of recent exposure:

• Physical exam—your vet listens to the lungs and palpates the trachea
• History—exposure to other dogs, boarding, or daycare
• Response to tracheal pressure—gently pressing the trachea often triggers the characteristic cough

• Blood work to rule out other causes
• Chest X-rays if pneumonia is suspected
• PCR testing to identify specific pathogens (usually reserved for outbreaks or severe cases)

Treatment Options

Medical Management

• Antibiotics—prescribed if bacterial infection (e.g., Bordetella) is suspected; not effective against viruses alone
• Cough suppressants—used cautiously; some vets prefer letting dogs cough to clear mucus
• Anti-inflammatory medications to reduce airway irritation
• Nebulization in severe cases to loosen secretions

Surgical Options

Surgery is not typically used for kennel cough; it is a medical condition.

Alternative/Supportive Therapies

• Honey (small amounts) can soothe the throat—check with your vet first
• Humidifier in the room to ease breathing
• Rest and reduced physical activity

At-Home Care

• Isolate your dog from other dogs for at least 2 weeks
• Use a harness instead of a collar to avoid tracheal pressure
• Limit exercise until the cough improves
• Encourage hydration and provide soft, palatable food
• Clean food bowls, bedding, and toys to prevent reinfection

Prognosis & Life Expectancy

Most dogs recover fully within 2–3 weeks. Life expectancy is not affected. Young, healthy dogs typically bounce back quickly. Puppies, seniors, or immunocompromised dogs may take longer and are at higher risk for complications such as pneumonia.

Prevention

• Vaccination—Bordetella vaccine (intranasal or injectable) reduces risk and severity; required by many boarding facilities
• Limit exposure to sick dogs and crowded environments during outbreaks
• Good ventilation in kennels and daycares
• Hygiene—regular cleaning of shared surfaces and items
• Reduce stress before boarding or travel

Cost of Treatment

• Office visit and exam: $50–$150
• Antibiotics and cough medication: $30–$80
• X-rays or advanced testing: $150–$400
• Hospitalization (if pneumonia develops): $500–$2,000+

Frequently Asked Questions